Amides

Here are some useful chemguide links:

Physical properties of amides

Why amides are not basic and amines and ammonia are

Polyamides

Making nylon

Haloalkanes

These are simply alkanes with a halogen atom bonded to them. They can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary, like alcohols can be. As you might expect they have different properties to alkanes. Can you explain this and predict which will be the most reactive: a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo alkane? What's your logic behind this? Which will have the higher B.P for the same chain length? What's your reasoning?

Look at the following chemguide link. Are you surprised? Can you explain all of it now?

Haloalkanes Introduction

Sustitution reactions

As there is a permanent dipole with the more electronegative halogen leaving the the carbon slighty positive, it is subject to attact by nucleophiles (a lover of positive centres, or better put, an electron pair donator). Therefore, haloakanes can form different substances, depending on what the nucleophile is. Note the nuceophile does not have to have a negative charge, it could be neutral e.g NH3 ammonia, however, it must have a lone pair available to donate. Another question to get you thinking, what factors do you think that the rate of substitution wil depend on? Which haloalkane will have the fastest rate of substitution: fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo? Which nucleophile will give the fastest reaction: NH3, OH- or CN- ? What's your reasoning? Look at the links below, any surprises?


Substitution with cyanide ions

Substitution with ammonia

Substitution and elimination with hydroxide ions

Substituton mechanism

Elimination reactions

Under different conditions, haloalkanes can undergo elimination reactions forming an alkene. If NaOH is dissolved in hot ethanol, rather than water, then the OH- ion acts a base rather than as a nucleophile and accepts a proton. The type of hoalkane also influences whether elimination or substitution reaction occurs. Tertiary haloalkanes tend to react via elimination and primary via substitution. Can you think of any reasons for this? The following chemguide links are good:

Elimination or substitution

The elimination mechanism

Elimination from unsymetric haloalkanes

Addition reactions

The folowing are some video clips, the first you may be able to 'bear' more and the second goes into Markovnikof's rule:

Homework alkenes

Please make sure that you have finished all the questions on the organic packet that I gave you. Please read pages 214-218. It is important that you do, as it will enable us to move more quickly. We will need to start extra lessons this thursday after school in order to finish properly.

Alkanes

The following are some good links to what we have been studying:

alkanes chem guide

Isomers hexane

Relationship between chain length and number of isomers

relationship between number of isomrs and carbon length in alkanes

# Carbon Atoms	# Isomers of Alkane
1	1
2	1
3	1
4	2
5	3
6	5
7	9
8	18
9	35
10	75
11	159
12	355

Table from Wikipedia

Homework- Homolytic free radical mechanism

Please finish the homolytic free radical mechanism. Read the chapter on organic chemistry in your book, I think that we can get through the material much more quickly if you have looked at it before. You should have also finished all of the questions on naming the alkenes. The ones in the packet and the extra ones that I gave you. Also have a look at the Attached powerpoint.

You must send me today your IA if you haven't done so already!!!!!!!

Have a good week

MrO

Organic Chemistry

This is a huge topic. The following links will help as an inytroduction to functional groups and naming:

chemguide naming

Functional groups

More functional group links

Organic chem link

Biochemistry link